Too much is too much: Influence of former stress levels on food craving and weight gain during the COVID-19 period.

The COVID-19 pandemic and associated social restrictions had an extensive effect on peoples' lives. Increased rates of weight gain were widely reported, as were declines in the general populations' mental health, including increases in perceived stress. This study investigated whether higher perceived levels of stress during the pandemic were associated with greater levels of weight gain, and whether poor prior levels of mental health were a factor in higher levels of both stress and weight gain during the pandemic. Underlying changes in eating behaviours and dietary consumption were also investigated. During January-February 2021, UK adults (n = 179) completed a self-report online questionnaire to measure perceived levels of stress and changes (current versus pre-COVID-19 restrictions) in weight, eating behaviours, dietary consumption, and physical activity. Participants also reported on how COVID-19 had impacted their lives and their level of mental health prior to the pandemic. Participants with higher levels of stress were significantly more likely to report weight gain and twice as likely to report increased food cravings and comfort food consumption (OR = 2.3 and 1.9-2.5, respectively). Participants reporting an increase in food cravings were 6-11 times more likely to snack and to have increased consumption of high sugar or processed foods (OR = 6.3, 11.2 and 6.3, respectively). Females reported a far greater number of COVID-19 enforced lifestyle changes and both being female and having poor mental health prior to the pandemic were significant predictors of higher stress and weight gain during the pandemic. Although COVID-19 and the pandemic restrictions were unprecedented, this study suggests that understanding and addressing the disparity of higher perceived stress in females and individuals' previous levels of mental health, as well as the key role of food cravings, is key for successfully addressing the continuing societal issue of weight gain and obesity.

Redefining city governance: towards rapid-response open planning

Granger and Charlton talks about redefining city governance towards rapid-response open planning among others. Global crises such as COVID-19 produce a variety of responses, locally in towns and cities, and nationally from government. The UK's approach to lockdown, testing and tracing and social distancing, as well as its financial stimulus to mitigate the effects of the crisis, reflect the political outlook of the prevailing government as well as the particular conditions that make up nation stales people, finances and even its institutions. Traditionally;urban planning has been viewed as a paradigmatic practice through which land use. service planning, design, architecture, heritage, transport, utilities and even economies are planned for and take place. One might even argue that current approaches to urban planning, which individually have merit, lack a comprehensive understanding of what is needed in practice and at speed, which has been exposed by the pandemic.